Chronic lower limb pain seriously affects the quality of life of patients, but the current treatment is still not satisfactory, and more effective treatment strategies are still needed. The involvement or maintenance of pain by the sympathetic nervous system has always been the focus of attention, and sympathetic modulation is expected to become a powerful treatment modality for chronic pain due to its clear therapeutic effect. However, its therapeutic mechanism is still unclear. This article reviews the anatomical structure of the lumbar sympathetic ganglion, the involvement of lumbar sympathetic nerves in the formation of chronic pain in the lower limbs, and the application of lumbar sympathetic nerve regulation in chronic pain in the lower limbs. Through a review of basic research and clinical research, it provides new ideas for solving the problem of chronic pain in the lower limbs.