Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication following surgery, characterized by a disturbance in cognitive function compared to the preoperative state. It not only leads to prolonged hospital stays and increases mortality rates but may also trigger long‑term cognitive decline. However, currently, there is no effective and reliable predictive indicator for predicting the occurrence and development of POCD. Therefore, it is crucial to find reliable biomarkers and methods that can effectively predict the occurrence of POCD. This review summarizes the recent advances in predicting POCD, with a focus on various biomarkers and radiological screening techniques. The aim is to provide key information for the accurate identification of high‑risk populations of POCD and early intervention to the patients to improve patient outcomes.