Objective To explore the effect of checklist teaching combined with one‑to‑one mentor teaching mode in the standardized training (hereinafter referred to as resident training) of non‑anesthesiology residents. Methods Non‑anesthesiology residents who did clinical rotation in the Department of Anesthesiology in the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University from January 2018 to June 2020 were selected as the control group (n=82), implementing the traditional training model. Non‑anesthesiology residents who did clinical rotation in the Department of Anesthesiology from July 2020 to October 2023 were selected as the observation group (n=97), and the checklist combined with one‑to‑one mentor teaching training mode was implemented. The theoretical examination scores, operational examination results, and satisfaction levels (of teaching content, teaching method, teaching attitude, anesthesia knowledge acquisition, and overall satisfaction) were compared between the two groups. Results Compared with the control group, the observation group showed improved theoretical examination scores and operative examination results, the satisfaction of teaching methods, teaching attitudes, knowledge of anesthesia, and overall satisfaction in the observation group were improved (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the satisfaction of teaching content between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions The application of checklist teaching combined with one‑to‑one mentor teaching mode in the resident training for non‑anesthesiology residents is helpful to improve the teaching effects.