Background Ischemic heart diseases have been remarked as the primary cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The protective role of preconditioning including ischemia preconditioning and pharmacological preconditioning on ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI) has been confirmed. Objective To understand the effects of preconditioning on myocardial I/RI of those associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Content In the present review, we will briefly talk about the studies of the effects and possible mechanisms of preconditioning in some pathological conditions such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension，aging and obesity in recent years. Trend To offer some heart protection study strategies.