Backgroud Inflammation is proven to be one of most important pathogenic factors of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI), and neutrophils have been implicated as primary mediators of lethal inflammatory response. Because neutrophils are directly involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial I/RI, several researchers have proposed anti-neutrophil therapy for myocardial I/RI. However, unexpectedly, inhibiting neutrophil does not consistently attenuate myocardial I/RI. Moreover, some researchers demonstrate that neutrophils contribute to the repair of myocardial I/RI. As a result, this review will describe neutrophil-mediated myocardial I/RI and the anti-neutrophil therapy. Objective To evaluate the pathogenic effect of neutrophil in myocardial I/RI, and explore the anti-neutrophil therapy. Content Neutrophil-mediated myocardial I/RI, current situation of anti-neutrophil therapy and the controversy over anti-neutrophil therapy. Trend Here, we systematically review neutrophils involved in the myocardial I/RI, which contributed to a moderate anti-neutrophil therapy. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of neutrophils' role in myocardial I/RI is helpful to search for more effective myocardial protective combination strategies targeting a broader range of pathways and pathogenic factors.