Background Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), one member of the superfamily of the transient receptor potential, is a non-selective cation channel, mainly expressing in the primary afferent fibers of sensory neurons. Objective Acting as an ion channel receptor, TRPV1 plays a critical role in neuropathic pain. Progress in the study of TRPV1 in neuropathic pain was reviewed. Content Progress in the structure and expressing profile, the alteration of expressing following nerve injury, and the effect of inhibitors on neuropathic pain were reviewed. Trend Progress in the study of TRPV1 and neuropathic pain may provide theoretical foundation for the discovery of new analgesia agents.