Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ　To observe the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction（POCD） in adolescent scoliosis patients after orthopedic surgery and study its association with levels of serum interleukin（IL）-1β/IL-6 during perioperative period.　Methods　Sixty-seven adolescent scoliosis patients， who were scheduled for orthopedic surgery with general anesthesia were proposed to be enrolled. The levels of serum IL-1β and IL-6 were measured on the day for admission（T0）， before surgery（T1）， at the end of the surgery（T2） and the second day after surgery（T3） respectively and neurocognitive testing was performed at 1 d before surgery and 1 week after operation. Age， sex， years of education， past medical history， and visual analogue scale score after surgery， duration of surgery and other intraoperative indexes and also postoperative complications were recorded. According to the diagnostic criteria of POCD， patients were divided into two groups： POCD and NPOCD. All the data were put for statistical analysis.　Results　Sixty?蛳six patients completed all these tests. Nineteen patients developed POCD， so the occurrence was 28.8% at 7 d　postoperatively. Statistical analysis showed that there were no differences in the levels of serum IL-1β and IL-6 at T0 and T1 in all the patients， while the concentrations increased at T2 and T3， but there were no differences between the two groups. In addition， comparisons between the two groups showed that the infusion of the volume of autologous blood in POCD group［（380±341） ml］was more than that in NPOCD group［（218±270） ml］（P<0.05）.　Conclusions　The incidence of POCD is 28.8% on the seventh day after scoliosis orthopedic surgery. It reminds us that we should cause enough attention on such surgeries. We did not found the relationship between the levels of serum IL-1beta/IL-6 and the occurrence of POCD， but the result sμggested that the volume of infused autologous blood might be associated with the occurrence of POCD， and further research was needed.