Background　With more in-depth research into the role of adenosine and its receptors in general anesthesia， there were increasing evidence that the effect of adenosine on sleep and anesthesia shares similarities. However， the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.　Objective　To review the latest research progress of the effect and possible mechanisms of adenosine A1 receptor in general anesthesia.　Content　This article will highlight the similarities between the effects of adenosine in sleep and general anesthesia， as well as the correlation between adenosine A1 receptor and general anesthesia. Relevant receptors including N-methyl-D-aspartic acid（NMDA） receptor and γ-amino butyric acid A（GABAA） receptor will be discussed thoroughly. Current progress of research results of adenosine A1 receptor during general anesthesia will be summarized.　Trend　The effects and mechanism of adenosine A1 receptor in general anesthesia is not entirely understood and deserves further research.