Background　Ischemia/reperfusion injury(I/RI) is one of the major culprits for lethal cardiovascular diseases, but can be alleviated by cardiac ischemic preconditioning(IPC). IPC was demonstrated to recruit multiple types of miRNAs, accompanied by diminished I/RI. Understanding the underlying signaling pathways could provide novel therapeutic strategies for myocardial I/RI.　Objective　To identify miRNAs that are affected by IPC and play pivotal roles in protecting myocardia from I/RI. 　Content　IPC altered the levels of many miRNAs, including miR-1, miR-21, miR-133b-5p, miR-199a, and miR-144/451, and these miRNAs could limit I/RI through modulating distinct molecules, such as, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, programmed cell death-4, Fas, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 , SIRT1, and Rac-1, etc.　Trend　Further investigations using species of animals are warranted to characterize miRNAs and their targeting molecules in the regulation of I/RI by IPC, which was intervened in different time points after ischemia and in combination with treatments targeting other genes and signaling pathways.