Background　Oxycodone has been widely used as an opioid analgesic to treat moderate to severe pain. Combined use of other drugs can enhance the analgesic effect of oxycodone, with reduced incidence of side effects. However, clinical application of oxycodone among special populations has not been summarized.　Objective　To provide reference for further exploration of oxycodone's medicinal value and rational drug uses in clinical settings.　Content　The paper reviewed the research advances of oxycodone use in pregnant women, children and patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction.　Trend　It is necessary to actively explore the guidelines of oxycodone use among special populations so as to reduce the risk in clinical practice.