Background Management of a pediatric airway can be a challenge for anesthesiologists, especially for the non-pediatric anesthesiologists. Up to now, there are new devices designed specifically for use in pediatric airway management, and several algorithms and guidelines specific to the pediatric difficult airway management have been suggested. Object The aim of this article is to provide a review of the latest literatures on the pediatric airway management. Furthermore, the basic issues on the pediatric airway management are introduced, and the roles of new devices and techniques in the pediatric airway management are assessed. Contents This article mainly describes challenges of normal and difficult pediatric airways, management of anticipated and unanticipated difficult pediatric airways, available devices for managing the pediatric airway and extubation of pediatric patients with a difficult airway. Especially, it is emphasized that the management of both the anticipated and unanticipated difficult pediatric airway requires a forethought plan to reduce the risk of complications and enhance patient safety. Moreover, the controversies of extra-glottic airways and alternative devices s to direct laryngoscopy in pediatric airway management are elucidated. Trend Although airway management strategies for children have a prodigious progress during the past few years, and both techniques and equipment are significantly improved, management of difficult pediatric airway still remains a problem associated with significant risks and complications. Future more efforts and multicentre studies are still needed to determine the best practices for managing the difficult pediatric airway.