Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ　To explore the application value of principle training and crisis checklist for low-grade residents to deal with anesthesia emergency and anesthesia simulation teaching.　Methods　Twenty-seven young clinical residents in low-grades (1－3 years) were randomly divided into 3 groups by random number table (n=9). Residents in group A received training of theory and crisis checklists. Residents in group B only received training of crisis checklists. Residents in group C relied on clinical experience to deal with anesthesia critical events. Each group of participants were randomly assigned to 8 anesthesia crisis events after entering the high-fidelity simulation operating room to perform simulation exercises. The best practice score rate and critical step failure rate were evaluated. Questionnaire survey was used to estimate the participants′ intention of using crisis checklist.　Results　The best practice scores of critical event treatment in group A and group B were significantly higher than score in group C (P<0.05). The best practice score for group A was higher (P<0.05) than the score in group B. The failure rates of critical steps in group A and group B were significantly lower (P<0.05). More than 90% of participants indicated that the crisis checklist was simple and easy to use. They were willing to continue to participate in anesthesia simulation training.　Conclusions　The theory training and crisis checklists can effectively improve the accuracy and efficiency of young residents in handling anesthesia emergencies, improve the enthusiasm of anesthesia simulation teaching and have important clinical value for simulation teaching.