Ultrasound‑guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is a novel interfacial plane block that can be used to relieve pain after thoracolumbar surgery. It is advantageous in simple and safe procedures, reliable effects and fewer complications and has been drawn increasing attention since 2016. This review introduces the anatomical basis of ultrasound‑guided ESPB, expounds the mechanism by which ESPB works, summarizes the clinical application of ESPB in thoracic, abdominal and lumbar surgery, concludes the advantages and disadvantages of ESPB and its complications, and compares ESPB with other commonly thoracolumbar analgesic block methods. With respect to its advantages, few complications and contraindications, ultrasound‑guided ESPB can be widely applied in the field of anesthesia and pain, and improve the effect and safety of anesthesia. This review aims to explore the clinical research and future development of ESPB, providing evidence for better clinical application.