Elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery have high risk to develop postoperative delirium (POD). At present, the pathophysiological mechanism of POD is unclear, and research on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers is helpful to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanism of POD. This paper reviews the literature concerning CSF biomarkers associated with POD after hip fracture surgery, where the CSF biomarkers were classified based on the features of POD risk markers, POD active markers and POD end products. This paper will provide evidence for investigation of the pathophysiological mechanism of POD and for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of POD.