Aquaporins (AQP) are transport membrane proteins with high specificity for water molecules. Their active transport function for water molecules is the key factor to maintain the liquid balance inside and outside cells. The type and extent of AQP expression varies in various human organ tissues, with predominant involvement of AQP1, AQP4, and AQP5 in lung tissue. Because many factors can affect the expression of AQP and lead to fluid imbalance in the lung, this paper illustrates its role in maintaining fluid balance in the lung tissue and the related mechanisms involved in the formation of lung injury, further combined with clinical exploration of the expression of AQPs and the effect on the body of multiple regulatory factors.