Thoracic surgery is often accompanied by postoperative pain due to trauma. Poorly controlled pain can produce a variety of postoperative complications that affect the recovery and prognosis of patients. Epidural analgesia and paravertebral block are considered the preferred method of analgesia in the chest area, but both have their limitations. In recent years, with the clinical application of ultrasound visualization, the interfascial plane block has been rapidly developed, providing more options for postoperative analgesia after thoracic surgery. Due to the simple operation, safety, and analgesic effect, ultrasound-guided ESPB can be used for the treatment of acute pain relief and chronic pain after thoracic surgery. This article aims to review the application of ESPB anatomy, mechanism of action, methods of operation and clinical application in thoracic surgery.