With the development of pain research, more and more pain related genes have been discovered, and these have led to a deeper understanding of relationships between pain and genes. In recent years, it has been found that gene polymorphism, especially single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), is an important cause for individual differences in pain. Moreover, these differences are closely related to genes at different levels, such as ion channels, neurotransmitters, action receptors and drug metabolizing enzymes. Combined with the contents of ion channels, neurotransmitter genes, receptor genes and drug metabolizing enzyme genes, the role of genetic polymorphisms in the occurrence and development of pain may be explored. This may also provide new ideas and new methods for the treatment and management of pain.