It is a common manipulation to use higher fraction of inspiratory oxygen (FiO2) during general anesthesia, especially before endotracheal intubation and extubation. In recent years, there has been growing controversy over whether high levels of oxygen should be used in the perioperative period. This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of using high concentration oxygen in perioperative period, and discusses the adverse effects of using high concentration oxygen in perioperative period, including increased oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), hyperoxygenated vasoconstriction and absorptive atelectasis resulting in impaired tissue oxygenation. The pathophysiological mechanism and clinical data of hyperoxia were summarized. In addition, the benefits of perioperative hyperoxia were stated: decreased incidence of surgical site infection (SSI), decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and increased tolerance time of postoperative hypoxia in emergency situations.