Objective To evaluate the effect of preoperative anesthesia evaluation center in thoracic surgery, so as to provide guarantee for improving the safety and quality of perioperative anesthesia. Methods A total of 1 600 patients undergoing thoracic surgery from July 1, 2020 to February 1, 2021 were selected. According to the random number table method, they were divided into two groups (n=800): a routine visit (control) group and a preoperative anesthesia evaluation center (observation) group. Patients in the control group were visited and evaluated by anesthesiologists one day before surgery, while those in the observation group were evaluated by an anesthesiologist and an anesthesiologist one day before surgery in preoperative anesthesia evaluation center. Both groups were compared for operation cancellation rate on that day, patients' psychological anxiety relief rate, the satisfaction of medical staff, and average anesthesiologist evaluation time. Results The cancellation rate on the day of operation in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (χ2=4.13, P=0.042). Meanwhile, compared with the control group, the observation group showed significantly alleviated psychological anxiety (χ2=249.66, P<0.001), improved satisfaction of medical staff (χ2=310.98, P<0.001), and shortened average anesthesiologist evaluation time (t=53.00, P<0.001). Conclusions Establishment of preoperative anesthesia evaluation center can reduce the operation cancellation rate on the day of surgery and alleviate patient tension and anxiety, thus promoting a favorable prognosis for patients.