With the development of precision medicine, perioperative pulmonary protection has received increasing attention. Since children's physiological and anatomical characteristics are different from those of adults, the incidence of perioperative lung injury and postoperative pulmonary complications in children is significantly higher than that in adults because of the immature development of their organs and incomplete physiological functions. However, few clinical studies related to perioperative pulmonary protection in children. This review introduces three risk factors for perioperative lung injury in children: conditions‑related, anesthesia‑related, and surgery‑related factors, and further discusses the causes of perioperative lung injury vulnerability of children as a particular group. This review summarizes the application of perioperative lung protection technologies. It describes the perioperative lung protection strategies from mechanical ventilation, drug application, volume management, and other aspects to provide a theoretical basis for clinical perioperative pulmonary protection in children.