Objective To establish a follow‑up indicator system at different time points after anesthesia for surgery and develop a structured follow‑up information system to meet the needs for quality control and scientific research in anesthesiology. Methods Through literature review and expert consultation, a complete follow‑up indicator system was constructed. Then, an electric questionnaire was sent to anesthesiologists in hospitals across the country. The established follow‑up indicator system was evaluated through reliability analysis and validity analysis and a recommended follow‑up indicator system at postoperative 7 days, 30 days and 1 year was constructed. Through internet technology, marking semantic definition, and artificial intelligence technology, a structured follow‑up information system was established. Results From June 1 to 30, 2021, the questionnaire was distributed through the internet, and a total of 185 effective anonymous responses were collected from 94 hospitals in 24 provinces, with the Kendall coefficient of 0.525‒0.566 and the item‑level content validity index of 0.30‒0.98, respectively. The recommended follow‑up indicator system at postoperative 7 days included 30 items in 8 systems. The follow‑up indicator system at postoperative 30 days included 2 items in 2 systems. The follow‑up indicator system at postoperative 1 year did not have any recommended item. Based on the above follow‑up indicator system, a structured and intelligent follow‑up information system was successfully developed. The follow‑up system was able to be accessed through hospital computers or mobile devices, and have been routinely applied in follow‑up visits after clinical trials. The results of the trial run showed that the follow‑up system had high satisfaction from those followed‑up, with 16 % increase in average follow‑up accuracy, and 10‒15 min decrease in follow‑up time per case. Conclusions In light of their correlation with anesthesia, the overcome indicators that should be paid attention to at different time points after anesthesia for surgery are different. The structured follow‑up information system can improve the efficiency and accuracy of follow‑up visits, provide a new tool and method for related studies and increase the comparability of different clinical studies.