Neoadjuvant therapy can shorten malignant tumor, destroy malignant tumor cells and reduce surgical difficulties. Preoperative neoadjuvant therapy has become one of the common treatment modalities for patients with malignant tumor, with pivotal effects on the immune system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and functions of multiple organs, and is relevant to perioperative management strategies. This review will summarize the perioperative management of patients with neoadjuvant therapy, including timing of surgery, prehabilitation strategies, and anesthesia management strategies, so as to provide reference for improvement in clinical anesthesia management. In addition, further research is needed to improve the prognosis of patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy and to determine the optimal anesthesia practice and medication.