Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is a common neurological complication in postoperative. It is mainly manifested as cognitive decline, mental disorder, disorientation, memory impairment, as well as social and mobility impairments. Sevoflurane is one of the most used inhalation anesthetics, and in recent years, although sevoflurane is considered safe, many studies have raised the issue of its causing postoperative cognitive dysfunction. In order to understand the causes of postoperative cognitive dysfunction after sevoflurane general anesthesia, this paper reviews the literature on the effects of sevoflurane on cognitive function in recent years and provides a review of the effects and mechanisms of sevoflurane on postoperative cognitive dysfunction to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in clinical practice.