Background Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of endothelial progenitor cells（EPCs） in maintaining normal endothelial function as well as endothelial repairing after vascular injury. Objective This review summarizes transplantation therapy of EPCs and discusses the mechanisms regulating the cells-mediated neovascularization and reendothelialization. Content The text describes the biological characteristics of EPCs, summarizes the application of endothelial progenitor cell transplantation and discusses potential mechanisms of EPCs. Trend Transplantation of EPCs can be a novel cell-based, endothelium-targeted therapeutic strategy for prevention and treatment of vascular disease and inflammation injury. The clinical application of EPCs still needs to be investigated deeply.