Background Xenon has been too expensive to be used widely as an inspiratory anesthetic. The safety and efficacy of xenon inhalational anesthesia has been demonstrated in several recent studies,which makes people pay close attention to the perspective of its use. Objective To summarize the neuroprotective mechanisms of Xenon. Content Xenon may protect nervous system possibly by NMDA-receptor, calcium dependent regulatory mechanism, kalium ion channel, etc. Trend Xenon has been shown to protect nervous system，which means that Xenon will have a clinical benefit in specific clinical situations, such as cardiopulmonary bypass, neonatal asphyxia,and so on.