Background　Mechanical ventilation is one of the most significant therapeutic strategies of mitigating hypoxia， which has become essential for the support of acute respiratory distress syndrome patient. However， it can induce or aggravate ventilator-associated lung injury， even leading to pulmonary fibrosis. It is reported that the mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome（ARDS） caused by uncontrollable pulmonary fibrosis ranges 40% from 70%.　Objective　There is a intimate relationship between pulmonary fibro-proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition（EMT） induced by mechanical stress.　Content　This article reviews the latest advances on the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis caused by mechanical stretch in order to deepen the understanding of the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.　Trend　The causality of pulmonary fibrotic disease is varied， with an array of triggers including allergens， chemicals and mechanical stress. During intensive care unit stay， mechanical stress has become one of the most significant causes of pulmonary fibrosis with high mortality， which requires us to investigate integrating mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis and intervention of this fibrotic disease.