Background：The mechanism of neuropathic pain (NP) is complex, and immune inflammation play an important role in generating and maintaining NP. As the immune active cells of the central nervous system, the status of microglia activation, M1 and M2, have an enormous different influence in the CNS immune environment, protective or cytotoxic. And different from previous inhibition of microglia activation, recent studies have found that promote the microglia towards M2 polarization can inhibit a variety of chronic neural inflammatory diseases and especially have analgesic role in the spinal cord injury(SCI) model.；Objective: It remains further study about whether promoting the microglia towards M2 polarization could alleviate NP; Content: This paper briefly introduces the recent research progress about the microglia polarization, and its relationship with NP; Trend: Providing a new idea about the pathogenesis and treatment of NP from the immune inflammation aspect.