Background: Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common clinical medical problem, because of its complex development mechanism, there is still no effective treatment method currently. Resolvin D1 (RvD1) is a newly discovered endogenous proinflammatory resolution media. It has analgesic effects for a variety of pain models, but its specific analgesic mechanism remains unclear. Recent studies have found that it may be involved in influencing the microglia activation state, promoting the microglia towards M2 polarization. And the activation of microglia is closely related to the NP and other chronic neuroinflammatory diseases; Objective: It remains further study about whether RvD1 produce analgesic effects by influencing the microglial activation state; Content: This paper briefly introduces the research progress about the relations between its analgesic effect and microglia activation state recently. Trend: Completing the analgesic mechanism of RvD1, and exploring new therapeutic methods of NP.