Background　Cognitive dysfunction frequently occurs in the elderly. Its occurrence is associated with multiple risk factors including surgery, trauma, infection and anesthesia. Among them, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) has attracted much attention. The exact etiology and mechanism of cognitive dysfunction remain unclear and there are limited strategies that can effectively prevent its occurrence and provide treatment in clinical practice. Many studies reported that neuroinflammation may be one of the important pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction.　Objective　This review will lay a good foundation for further study on the pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction, especially for postoperative cognitive dysfunction.　Content　This paper reviews the recent progresses made concerning the occurrence of central inflammatory response, the relationship between central inflammation and cognitive dysfunction and the effect of anti-inflammatory strategies on prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in elderly population.　Trend　This review will provide new strategies and thoughts in the aspect of prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunctions.