Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ　To investigate the 1-year mortality rate in elderly patients after hip fracture surgery, and to identify the risk factors of this 1-year mortality.　Methods　This was a retrospective cohort study. Elderly patients (aged ≥ 65 years) who underwent hip fracture surgery from May 2011 to May 2014 were consecutively enrolled. Patients were followed-up for 1-year survival. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors of 1-year mortality.　Results　A total of 295 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age was (78.4±6.7) y, the percentage of female patients was 71.5%, the percentage of patients with more than 3 comorbidities was 38%, and the mean follow-up duration was (31.2±0.7) months. The mortality rate during hospitalization and at 30 d and one year after surgery was 0.7%, 1.7% and 3.7%, respectively. 　Conclusions　Our study showed that, in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery, older age, preoperative respiratory diseases, previous history of stroke and internal fixation were associated with high 1-year mortality.