Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ　To evaluate the correlation between perioperative inflammatory markers and postoperative cognitive dysfunction by using the method of evidence-based medicine. And to provide the basis for the clinical prediction of postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD).　Methods　An online search was performed to identify peer-reviewed studies without language restriction that measured peripheral inflammatory markers of patients with and without POCD, using PubMed, Tthe Cochrane Library, EMBASE, ISI Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, Baidu scholar, CNKI, Weipu and Wanfang. Extracted data were analyzed with Review Manager (version 5.1), STATA (version 12.0). The standardized mean difference(SMD) and the 95%CI were calculated for each outcome using a random effect model. Tests of heterogeneity assessment of bias, and Meta-regression were performed in the Meta-analysis.　Results　A total of 15 studies that measured the concentrations of peripheral inflammatory markers were included. The current Meta-analysis found significantly higher concentrations of S-100β [SMD (95%CI)]: 1.82 (0.90-2.74), P<0.001, N(POCD/non-POCD)=195/431, 8 studies), and IL-6[SMD (95%CI): 1.35(0.67-2.02), P<0.001, N(POCD/non-POCD)=128/162, 6 studies). But compared with patients without POCD, there was no significant increasing of neuron specific enolase(NSE), IL-1β, or TNF-α were found in POCD patients. In Meta-regression analyses, we didn't find a significant positive association between the SMD and the preoperative IL-6 or S-100β peripheral blood concentration in patients with POCD.　Conclusions　This study shows that POCD is indeed correlated with the concentrations of peripheral inflammatory markers, particularly IL-6 and S-100β, but the preoperative concentration of IL-6 and S-100β cannot be used as a predictor of POCD. Conclusions This study shows that POCD is indeed correlated with the concentrations of peripheral inflammatory markers, particularly interleukin-6 and S-100β, but the preoperative concentration of interleukin-6 and S-100β cannot be used as a predictor of POCD.