Background　 Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury(I/RI) is one of the most common heart injuries in the clinics. MicroRNA(miRNA) involve in the pathophysiological processes, and might be therapeutic targets for myocardial protection.　Objective　To review recent progress in discovering important miRNAs that attenuate or exacerbate myocardial I/RI.　Content　Multiple factors and signaling transduction pathways are implicated in heart damage in myocardial I/RI. This review focuses 16 miRNAs that were demonstrated to regulate particular factors or pathways, and modulate angiogenesis, and myocardial apoptosis and necrosis, resulting in either myocardial protection or exacerbation of myocardial necrosis following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion.　Trend　Above-mentioned miRNAs might be potential targets for myocardial protection to treat myocardial I/RI, while further investigations are warranted to clarify signaling pathways and physiological or pathophysiological status influencing regulatory patterns of these miRNAs.