Background　The mechanisms underlying opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) and chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) remain unclear. Accumulating evidence supports that OIH and CPSP may share common neural circuit bases.　Objective　This review discusses the relationship between OIH and CPSP in terms of the mechanisms underlying their development and the therapeutic strategies of these two diseases.　Content　The development of OIH involves the sensitization of the nervous system, which may be relevant to the hyperactivity of glutaminergic neurons, enhanced release of some endogenous neuropeptides, mobilization of the descending facilitation pathway of pain transduction, and genetic factors, as well. Inhibiting glutamate receptors and reducing the release of neurotransmitters are major therapeutic strategies for OIH. Central sensitization is also a major pathophysiological feature of CPSP following nerve injury. Although treatment of OIH relieves acute pain and reduces prevalence of CPSP, but the relationship between OIH and CPSP is not well-understood.　Trend　Further studies are required to reveal the relationship between the OIH and CPSP.