The integration of brain science and brain-inspired intelligence technology has promoted the development of health industry, among which more and more researches about application of using integrate artificial intelligence in perioperative period and intensive care were performed. The development of "brain science and brain-inspired intelligence" will promote the development of anesthesiology and accelerate the process of integrating artificial intelligence into the perioperative period. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the mechanism of the neural circuits of anesthesia and the current status of the application of artificial intelligence in clinical anesthesia and intensive care. This review focuses on the role of anesthetic neural circuits in analgesia, sedation and awakening, and the research advances of application of clinical decision support system based on machine learning in perioperative monitoring and prediction of postoperative complications.