Mitochondria act as the center of energy metabolism, which form a highly interconnected dynamic network through continuous fission, fusion and transport. A poised fusion/fission ratio and accurate distribution of mitochondria is closely associated with the steadiness of themselves and neuron physiological activities. Sepsis associated encephalopathy (SAE) is one of the severe complications of sepsis, which is difficult to be diagnosed and treated due to complicated pathogenesis intricate. According to recent studies, imbalanced mitochondrial dynamic networks are a pivotal pathological mechanism underlying the development of SAE. Based on the above discussion, the paper explored the changes in the formation of the mitochondrial dynamic network and the expression of the key molecules during SAE, as well as the research progress on the mitochondrial dynamic network in the treatment of SAE. These findings will provide new thoughts for SAE diagnosis and treatment and new guidelines for targeted mitochondrial therapy in the treatment of central system diseases. The article principally focuses on fusion, fission and transport, the three types of formation of the mitochondrial dynamic network, and the key mediating molecules. Furthermore, the effects that the stability of the mitochondrial dynamic network and the expression of these key molecules exert on the physiological function of neurons were discussed.