Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressively fatal neurodegenerative disease, which is the most common type of dementia. Although the onset of the disease is insidious and the duration of the disease is long, its etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown. Studies have shown that central nervous system inflammation may play an important role in it. In this paper, we emphasize and mainly address the specific mechanism that involves microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and adaptive immunity in the latest research advances of the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD, to provide a new theoretical basis for further exploring the role of neuroinflammation in the occurrence and development of AD.