Perioperative anemia is closely associated with poor prognosis, which is an independent risk factor for postoperative vital organ complications rate and mortality. Clinicians need to pay attention to patient blood supply management and take a series of interventions to treat anemia and optimize blood coagulation function as soon as possible to reduce allogeneic transfusion and enhance recovery after surgery. This review aims to discuss preoperative screening and treatment of anemia, individualized intraoperative blood conversation, and early identification and intervention of postoperative anemia. This review is expected to provide a theoretical basis for perioperative anemia and patient blood management in clinical practice.