Anesthesiology is an essential part of clinical medicine. The department of anesthesiology is a crucial clinical specialty reflecting the comprehensive ability of medical institutions. Anesthesiology plays a vital role in promoting the development of modern hospitals and safeguarding people's health. Under the "Healthy China" strategy background, this study analyzed the four dimensions of the macro environment of anesthesiology in China: political environment, economic environment, social and cultural environment, and technical environment through establishing a PEST‑SWOT analysis matrix. It discussed the internal and external conditions of anesthesiology development in China. Accordingly, it provided suggestions and theoretical reference for the development of anesthesiology in China and then offered strong support for implementing the "Healthy China" strategy.