Gamma oscillations are the rhythmic electrical activity of brain nerve groups at 30‒90 Hz, and associated with cognition, arousal and consciousness activities. Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) are common perioperative complications, characterized by decreases in attention, memory, and verbal thinking capacities. Surgery/anesthesia can disrupt Gamma oscillations through a series of pathological changes that lead to the development of PND. The present review summarizes the mechanisms by which Gamma oscillations generate, the role of Gamma oscillations in the pathogenesis of PND such as neuroinflammation, sleep disorders, Aβ deposition and Tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and the current clinical applications of Gamma entrainment, in order to explore the prospects of Gamma oscillation in preoperative prediction, intraoperative intervention and postoperative diagnosis and treatment of PND, and improve the prognosis of patients undergoing surgery/anesthesia.