As the main protein mediating mitochondrial division, mitochondrial dynamin‑related protein 1 (Drp1) is crucial for maintaining the morphology, function, and integrity of mitochondria. It is involved in the physiological activities of cells and the occurrence and development of diseases. In particular, it plays a key role in energy metabolism in inflammatory lung parenchymal diseases. This review discussed the structure and function of Drp1 and reviewed its mechanism in acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory pulmonary parenchymal diseases.